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Fig. 9 Blockchain in the gateway of IoT devices architecture

(a)

Data layer: Data layer maintains the collection of data from different IoT

sensors and sources. It is responsible for maintaining the physical layer, and

it communicates with the blockchain layer to upload the data into the hashed

format.

(b)

Blockchain layer: This layer is present in the gateway of IoT, and it maintains

all the blockchain principles like blocks generation block validation. It collects

the data from the lower tier as transactions and maintains the bridge between

the data and application layers.

(c)

Application layer: This layer relays on top of the blockchain layer. It works on

data processing and provides interaction between users and service providers.

5.2

Blockchain in Management Hub for IoT

Internet of things is used in several fields like healthcare, finance, agriculture educa-

tions, etc. IoT suffers from different security issues, and blockchain can solve this

problem [86–91]. But to solve the problem, an optimized architecture is needed.